Information on Acne Vulgaris & Acne Fungal

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Acne: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is Acne?Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is a prevalent skin disorder affecting the pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and sebaceous glands) characterized by the development of papules, pustules, and nodules. It primarily occurs on the face, but can also affect areas like the upper arms, trunk, and back. Acne is most common among adolescents and young adults, with an estimated 35%-90% of adolescents experiencing it. It typically arises between ages 7-12 and often resolves by age 30. However, it can persist or reappear in adulthood, particularly in women. Beyond its physical effects, acne can have a significant psychological impact, leading to issues like low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety.

Causes of AcneThe development of acne involves various factors, including hormonal sensitivity of sebaceous glands (especially to androgens), increased Cutibacterium acnes (bacterium) activity, genetics, and potentially diet. During adolescence, hormonal changes play a significant role in triggering acne.

Symptoms and SignsAcne commonly occurs on the face, neck, chest, upper back, and upper arms. The severity can range from periodic small comedones to chronic, widespread inflamed nodules. Following resolution, hyperpigmentation and scarring are common sequelae.

Diagnosis of AcneAcne is typically diagnosed through physical examination, as there is no specific test for it. Occasionally, a sample may be taken for microbiological examination or culture to rule out other sources of infection. In women, hormone blood tests may be conducted to assess factors like elevated testosterone.

Prevention and CarePreventing acne involves practices like regular hand and face washing, adopting sweat-absorbing clothing, choosing breathable shoe materials, and avoiding nail-picking habits. Additionally, minimizing sun exposure and using appropriate sunscreen can be beneficial.

Treatment of Acne

1. Topical Products:
   
   • Retinoids: Effective in mild to moderate acne, aiding in preventing pore blockage and inflammation.
   • Benzoyl Peroxide: Helps reduce bacteria and inflammation, often used in combination with other topical treatments.
   • Antibiotics: Topical antibiotics like clindamycin and erythromycin can help control inflammation and bacteria.
   • Azelaic Acid: Effective in treating mild to moderate acne, reducing inflammation and bacteria.

1. Oral Therapy:
   
   • Oral Antibiotics: Used for moderate to severe acne, they reduce inflammation and bacteria. Tetracyclines are commonly prescribed.
   • Oral Hormones: Combined oral contraceptives, particularly those with antiandrogenic effects, are effective in treating acne in women.
   • Oral Retinoids (Isotretinoin): Reserved for severe or treatment-resistant cases, this oral medication addresses various factors contributing to acne.

1. Other Therapies:
   
   • Procedures involving red light, blue light, yellow light, infrared light, and pulsed dye laser can be considered in conjunction with standard therapies in selected cases.
   • Proper use of cosmetic products can complement standard treatments, reducing irritation and maintaining skin balance.

Care of Skin with Acne:

• Maintain good skin hygiene with mild cleansers.
• Use non-comedogenic moisturizers.
• Protect skin from excessive sun exposure with SPF 30 or higher sunscreen.
• Avoid squeezing pimples to prevent worsening and scarring.

Remember, acne treatment may require time, and consistency is key to its effectiveness. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment plans.